difinition and its purpose with traditional and modern definition.

Q.3. Write difinition and its purpose with traditional and modern definition.

Answer:-

DEFINITION...

 Definition is an explanation of the meaning of a word. Phrase or symbol. Definition consists of two parts.

(1) Definiendum: It is the word to be defined. The word, Phrase or symbol which is defined is called as the definiendum..

(2) Definiens: The word by Which anything is defined is called a definiens. worde or group of words used to define the definiendum is called as the definiens.

Example - man is a rational animal.

Man: Definiendum

Arational animal: Definien.

Purpose of Definition.

Definition has mamy purposes, its main function is to make meaning of Word, Phrases or symbols Clear. Definition has the following purpose of functions-

1) To increase vocabulary- 

Language involves words, some woods in our Language may appear new to us, we define them to make things clear to us of Thus, by defining such words we are able to encrease our vocabulary.

Example:  The word 'Pound' is equivocal it may mean 'a measure of a weight', or 'a unit of money'. But its meaning can be differentiated, in the way as it's use. like "His weight is fifty Pounds?" or " I bought a book for five pounds."

2) To eliminate ambiguity: 

In every language, there are equivocal an ambiguous words. An equivocal word is one, which can interpreted in more then one word/way. These words generally do do not creat any problem because their meaning becom clear from the context in Which it is used. Certain word whose meaning does not becom clear from the context called as ambiguous words. In such case, We can reduce ambiguity and the subsequent Verbal dispute by defining such words. Hence, definition serves the purpose of eliminating ambiguty.

Example:  'Industry should be encouraged'

 Here we are not sure whether "Industry" 'Hard work' or 'Industrial organization.'

(3) To reduce vagueness:

Every Longuage contains words, which a vague. A word is vague when it does not have a fixed meaning and it is interpreted differently in different situations, In Such cases, vagueness leads to differences of opinion, Definition helps in resolving differences by reducing the vagerness of words.

(4) To explain theoretically:

Sometimes definition serves the purpose of giving theoretically explanation of words. When a Student of Science askes what is gravity' or 'heat', He or she does not want to know the dictionary meaning of it.. He or she want to know the theory that explains Such words. Hence, defitinion Serves the purpose of giving theoretical background of such words.

(5) To influence Attitudes:

With Sometimes, a term is defined a purpose of influencing one's attitude. It stires One's emotions or feelings. Some words have emotional appeal.

Example: 'Vedanta is a scientific religion for the modem man'. Here the intention is to influence the attitude of modern mam, Language of such definations is not informative. It functions expressively.

Traditional Definition.

The traditional logicione have fromed certain rules of Laws which a definition must follow. These rules will be help in constructing good per genus et afferentiam definitions.

1) A definition must be applicable to everything induded in the species defined, and to nothing else.

This rule is applicable not only to this kind of detination, but also to most of the definitions recognized by the modern logicians. this is the rule of substitution, In any statement the definiens may be stated in place of the definiendum, without Changing the înformation that the statement express.

This rule is violatied either when the definiens is applicable only to apart of the definiendum, or the definition is said to Commit the fallacy of too nerow definition or when it is applicable to other Class also, and the definition is said to commit the fallacy of too wide definition. for example-

(i) A-spinster is a young unmarried female."

This definition does not apply to all spinstess, Aspinster may be old, so, this is too narrow definition.

(ii) Square is a four sided plane figure. This definition applies to other figures. (rectangle etc.) also. Hence, this is too wide definition.

• A definition must not, directly or indirectly, define the things itself.

This rule lays down that the definition must not state the term defined or its synonym: According to the traditional logicions, the definiens in on the definiens is analysis of the definiendum. If the definiens merely the synonym of the definiendum, the idea represented by the definiendum is not analyzed. The violation of this rule lead to some fallacies, They are

(i) fallacy of Circular definition - When the definiens contains the term defined, the definition is circular. for example, murder is an act committed by a murderer.!

(ii) Fallacy synonymous definitions - When the definicions is a Synonym of the definiendum, it b synonymous definition. for example- An aepparition is a ghost.

2) A definition should not be in obscure or figurative language, the purpose, of this definition is to explain. plain meanings. If the definition in expressed in obscurel language. e this propose Will not be solved. It may be understood by que person abut Can not be the other one, Therefore this rulo expresses the relatwily quedefinition. If a definitionis exepressed in Fraportive Longueze it does not. Serve the purpose of directly Lexpressing the definiendum grond the meaning conveyed by Such language may not be stended.

(i) obscure definition- Gipsy is a person who is willing to tell you your festine fora small portion of it. This definition does not clarify the meaning of gipsy.

(ii) Figurative definition - water is medieme of thirst. As a medicine is helpful in curing disease, So wateris Helpful in quenching thirst.

(3) A definition must not be megative If it can be on positive terms. The reason for this rule Is that a negative expression may not be definit. Therefore, it may not help in distinguishing the term defined from other term. To take example of fallacious negative, die finitions:

(a) A genius is one who. Cominot eam his own living. (1) Wisdom is the avoidance of folly."

If a term stands for a megative Concept, it can only be defined megatively. In such case, the negative definition is not foully for example, An orphan is ane who has no parents living... this is a good definition, cophom' is a magotive Concept.

Modern Definition

According to modern Logicians there are two ways of Classifying definitions. One of there is the method of definition, and the other is purpose of definition.

on the basis of the method of defining terms there are four Kinds:-!

(1)

Ostensive definition- Am ostensive definition is known as a demonstrative definition. It consists in pointing out on ofject which is to be defined. It com also be regarded as a special kind of definition. Example-

(a) "Giarit Panda meani's this animal."

( b)" This is Empire State building.".

Generally an ostensive definition consists the word 'This' or 'that'. An osterisine definition helps us to understand the most primitive Concepts Which are indefinables

But it has certain limitations, We Can not use this Where the words do not possess a demonstrative value, where there is nothing to be shown corresponding to a wood. Like, we Cannot define imaginary things of words like, fairy' or ghosts' and also we Concepts. An object has many qualities, so we cannot Say which quality is mentioned by just pointing towerrds lit. It is also unable to define some real things, like, personality; gravitation, energy:

(2) Expensive definition:-

Extensive definition is also called as 11. chefinition by type. It consists in giving escamples of the Idefiniendum (Things to be defined) or the examples of the

Sub classes included init. Example - when we say 'amirmal;" it means lion, dog, Cat, elephant ete, We are using extension • defination. An extensive definition-exeplains a word which Stands for a.class. Thus om extensive definition explain of word by giving examples of things to which it applies Generally, an extensive definition in not complete, becaus It's neither possible nor necessary to give examples of all individuals or subclasses included in the definiendum, in all Cases. We Com easly give examples of Seas, Ocean's, but We can't define word's such as bird, boad, building.

It hasalso, some limitations as we can, give a Satisfactory extensive definition supy when the definiendum applies to a limited number of objects. We can not define the wordi which do not stand for Classes. It does not say Omything about nature and properties of an athing, nor does it explicate its conventional meaning...

(3) Biverbal definition:.....

1. In every Lamjuage; there are words that have similor or even the same meaning. In Such Cases, "When are of these words is used to define the other. We get a biverbal definition. It is attempt to define one word by amother word or que phrase by another phrase. The two worde that have the same meaning are called synonyms. Hence, this definition is also called Synonymous definihon

forexample- cou-fairinceams able. (b) Plausible means reasonable (e) Valour means bravery of Bravery means Valour. In the example'e'we see that the terms com be foterchanged. msuch definition. However, it is very oftengsery difficult to fined a simple word that is an exact -equivalent or another simple Word. This method is simple and economical butils applicability is restructed

(4) Definition per genus et differntiam- ...-Certain words gre

names of classes, members of a class have certain qualities I'm common. A definition may state these. when it does so, it is an analytical definition, the most commonly used analytical definition is per genus et differntiam definition. In a per genus et differntiam, the differntiam is analyzed by stating its genus and differentia, one of the relation between classes is that of inclusion. That is to say, one class may be included In another class. To tonu am example, the Class of bees is meluded in the class of insects. In the above example the Class of moeets is wider than that of bees and is called as genus' and Class of bees is merrower than of mreets and is Called as 'species". The quality or qualities, in which ave species differs from the another'species' is called is differentia The differentia of 'bees' is producing work and honey. This distinguisher bees from other meets.l T

Pt is also known as the Analytical definition as to this- Kind the definition contains an analysis of the definiendum. Excamples are -

(a) Man is an arrational animal.

(1) Triangle is a plane figure enclosed by three Straight lines.

(e) Baby a very young child.

On the basis of the purpose of defining terms, There are two kinds:

(5) Stipulative definition:

11 Definition in which we deliberately assign meaning to a word is called as stipulative definition, Speakers freetouse a word or phrase in any sense he likes.

The word will mean what the writer or speaker wants hit to be mean. for example- U white head means by 'zero', the Class of allemply classes. Aristotle means by citizen a person who is qualified to excercise deliberative and judicial functions.

1 In a stipulatiste definition the writer says that the word shall have such and such, meoming. Therefore a Stibulative definition is niether true nor false. However they may be useful or misleading. Italso enable Maglieness. us to avoid

Pechnical term of every branch of knowledge are defined stipulatively. It economizes pace, tric and thought, scientificferms live gravitation differential Lequations are defined by stipulative definitions...

However, stipulative definition can be used to arouse favorable or unfavorable attitudes. In stipulative definition, the definiendum has no meaning prior to the definition introducing it...

(6) Lexical Definition:

or Definition which reports the meaning of a word or phrase as it is actual used by people is called Lexical definition. Lexical definition report how people actually wee words, for example-

@Billion is due thousand millions.

A) By Sms meams short messagerservices.

(iii) By Ayurveda Indian means herbal medicines.

The term to be defined has its established or

Conventional meaning. Attempt is made to reduce ambiguity. A lexical definition is either true or false.

Dictionary report how people use words. Therefore, they Contain Lexical definition.

Generally, lexical definitions use the analyteal method. But they also use the biverbal, ostensive and extensive method When a dictionary Show's pictures of an object. It is using ostensive method. When it Cherifies the meaning by taking Lexamples, the extensive method is being used."

Lexical definition is only used the report the meaning of a word. In lexical definition, the definiendum has the meaning prior to the definition introducing it.

व्याख्या आणि तिचा उद्देश (पारंपरिक आणि आधुनिक व्याख्या):

व्याख्या:

व्याख्या म्हणजे एखाद्या शब्दाचा, वाक्यप्रचाराचा किंवा चिन्हाचा अर्थ स्पष्ट करणे. व्याख्येत दोन मुख्य घटक असतात:

1. Definiendum: हा व्याख्या करायचा शब्द, वाक्यप्रचार किंवा चिन्ह असतो.

2. Definiens: व्याख्या देण्यासाठी वापरलेले शब्द किंवा शब्दांचा गट.

उदाहरण:

मनुष्य म्हणजे तर्कसंगत प्राणी.

मनुष्य (Man): Definiendum

तर्कसंगत प्राणी (Rational Animal): Definiens

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व्याख्येचा उद्देश:

व्याख्येचे मुख्य उद्दिष्ट म्हणजे शब्द, वाक्यप्रचार किंवा चिन्हाचा अर्थ स्पष्ट करणे. व्याख्येचे उद्देश पुढीलप्रमाणे आहेत:

1. शब्दसंग्रह वाढवणे:

भाषा शिकताना काही नवीन शब्द समजून घेण्यासाठी व्याख्या उपयोगी ठरते. उदाहरणार्थ, "पाउंड" या शब्दाचा अर्थ "वजनाचे एक मापन" किंवा "पैशाची एकक" असा असतो.

2. गोंधळ दूर करणे:

एखाद्या शब्दाचा अनेकार्थीपणा किंवा संदिग्धता दूर करण्यासाठी व्याख्या उपयुक्त ठरते. उदाहरण: "उद्योग प्रोत्साहन दिले पाहिजे" - येथे उद्योगाचा अर्थ 'कष्ट' की 'औद्योगिक संस्था' हे स्पष्ट केले पाहिजे.

3. अस्पष्टता कमी करणे:

काही शब्दांचे अर्थ निश्चित नसतात आणि वेगवेगळ्या परिस्थितीत वेगळ्या पद्धतीने समजले जातात. व्याख्या यामुळे अस्पष्टता दूर करते.

4. सैद्धांतिक स्पष्टीकरण:

विज्ञानातील गुरुत्वाकर्षण किंवा उष्णता यांसारख्या संकल्पनांचे सैद्धांतिक स्पष्टीकरण देण्यासाठी व्याख्या उपयुक्त असते.

5. वृत्ती प्रभावित करणे:

काहीवेळा व्याख्या व्यक्तीची भावनात्मक वृत्ती बदलण्यासाठी वापरली जाते. उदाहरण: "वेदान्त ही आधुनिक माणसासाठी वैज्ञानिक धर्म आहे."

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पारंपरिक व्याख्या:

पारंपरिक तर्कशास्त्रानुसार व्याख्यासाठी काही नियम आहेत:

1. व्याख्या सर्व घटकांना लागू होणे आवश्यक आहे:

व्याख्या पूर्ण आणि अचूक असावी.

"स्पिन्स्टर म्हणजे तरुण अविवाहित महिला." - चुकीची व्याख्या, कारण स्पिन्स्टर वृद्ध देखील असू शकते.

"चौरस म्हणजे चार बाजू असलेला सपाट आकार." - चुकीची व्याख्या, कारण रेक्टांगललाही लागू होते.

2. व्याख्या अस्पष्ट किंवा अलंकारिक भाषेत नसावी:

व्याख्या साध्या आणि स्पष्ट भाषेत असावी.

अस्पष्ट उदाहरण: "गाय म्हणजे छोटी नशिब सांगणारी व्यक्ती."

अलंकारिक उदाहरण: "पाणी म्हणजे तहान भागवण्यासाठी औषध."

3. नकारात्मक व्याख्या शक्यतो टाळावी:

सकारात्मक शब्दात व्याख्या करणे अधिक उपयुक्त ठरते.

चुकीचे उदाहरण: "जाणकार म्हणजे जो मूर्ख नाही."

योग्य उदाहरण: "अनाथ म्हणजे ज्याच्या पालकांचा मृत्यू झाला आहे."

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आधुनिक व्याख्या:

आधुनिक तर्कशास्त्रानुसार व्याख्या दोन प्रकारांवर आधारित असते:

(अ) पद्धतीनुसार व्याख्या:

1. दर्शनी व्याख्या (Ostensive Definition):

वस्तूला दाखवून व्याख्या केली जाते. उदाहरण: "जायंट पांडा म्हणजे हे प्राणी."

2. विस्तृत व्याख्या (Extensive Definition):

उदाहरणे देऊन व्याख्या केली जाते. उदाहरण: "प्राणी म्हणजे सिंह, कुत्रा, मांजर, हत्ती."

3. समक अर्थाची व्याख्या (Synonymous Definition):

समानार्थी शब्द वापरून व्याख्या केली जाते. उदाहरण: "शूरता म्हणजे पराक्रम."

4. विश्लेषणात्मक व्याख्या (Definition per Genus et Differentiam):

वर्ग आणि गुण वैशिष्ट्ये सांगून व्याख्या केली जाते.

उदाहरण: "त्रिकोण म्हणजे तीन रेषांनी बनलेला सपाट आकार."

(ब) उद्देशानुसार व्याख्या:

1. परिनिर्धारीत व्याख्या (Stipulative Definition):

नवीन तांत्रिक शब्दांसाठी तयार केलेली व्याख्या. उदाहरण: "एसएमएस म्हणजे शॉर्ट मेसेज सर्व्हिस."

2. सांकेतिक व्याख्या (Lexical Definition):

शब्दाचा प्रचलित अर्थ सांगणारी व्याख्या. उदाहरण: "बिलियन म्हणजे एक हजार कोटी."

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ही पारंपरिक व आधुनिक व्याख्येची माहिती मराठीत सविस्तरपणे मांडली आहे.